Conjoined by Judith Minty is a poem about a broken relationship Essay

â€Å"Conjoined† by Judith Minty is a poem about a broken relationship. Judith Minty uses many similes, metaphors, and analogies to describe an unhappy union of two people and the inseparability of marriage. The sub title is â€Å" a marriage poem† which sets the theme of the poem, but until you start reading you do not realize that it is an unhappy view towards marriage. She uses words with negative connotation such as â€Å"heavy†, â€Å"deformed† and â€Å"accident† to describe the relationship in a marriage. She ends the poem with â€Å"We cannot escape each other. † This is a depressing ending to her poem because she talks about marriage as if it is a prison. Minty uses a simile to describe marriage by writing â€Å"An accident, like the two-headed calf rooted in one body, fighting to suck at its mother’s teats†. She uses the calf with two heads as a symbol of the two people involved in a marriage. Both have two separate minds to think for themselves but are combined in a relationship. When she says â€Å"fighting to suck at its mother’s teats† she talk about how two people in a marriage fight to get their way and their opinion in against each other. This enhances the poem because it shows how she compares marriage to an accident of a two-headed calf with a simile which shows her negative view towards marriage. Judith Minty uses a metaphor when she writes, â€Å"The onion in my cupboard, a monster actually two joined under one transparent skin†¦ † She uses the comparison of the onion to a monster to translate that marriage can be a horrible thing. She uses the transparent skin of the onion as the bond between two people in a marriage. The metaphor enhances the poem because it is the first line of the poem and it sets the unpleasant tone immediately. Minty uses a lot of diction in her poem â€Å"Conjoined† which shows her negative view towards marriage. â€Å"To sever the muscle could free one, but might kill the other. † She uses this sentence to show that divorce could end their unhappy marriage and free one of them, but the other will be left heart broken and hurt. She uses words with opposite connotation like â€Å"free† ad â€Å"kill† to show the opposite reactions of feelings that divorce may have. In this sentence she is referring back to the analogy of Siamese twins, if the twins were cut apart one of them would be free and one would die just like the relationship Minty is talking about. The tone of â€Å"Conjoined† by Judith Minty is a troubled view on marriage. You get a general feel of unhappiness towards marriage with her analogies, similes, metaphors and diction that she uses in her poem. Usually, marriage is associated to positive words such as happy, commitment, love, and unity. In Judith Minty’s poem she uses depressing words when describing marriage. She calls it a â€Å"monster† and an â€Å"accident. † Minty talks about the unity of two people for years as if it was a bad thing. â€Å"†¦ doomed to live, even make love, together for sixty years. † Other people would see a marriage of sixty years as a good thing and would celebrate it.

Macario’s Noche Buena

Nobody knew anything about Macario's early life; but everybody knew that he was a robber, the chief of a gang which used to haunt the country about the shores of Laguna De Bay and rob merchants coming from Manila. It was in the days when no railroad line existed in the Philippines, when all trips by water had to be made by bancas, cascos, and small, slow steamboats, and all overland journeys had to be made in carromatas, carts, or on horseback. Macario was known to be the fiercest among the highwaymen. He had foiled all attempts of the guardias civils to capture him. A price was set on his head.It was nine o'clock on a Christmas eve. The past week macario and his gang had had plenty to do, for it was the week when many merchants went to manila and back to their towns. Macario was alone. He stationed himself in a grove of bamboo trees a little distance from the solitary road some miles from the town of Calamba. The night was dark and a cool wind was blowing across the lonely fields, m aking the bamboo tops bend and wave. What was there strange NT the sound of the wind as it sighed among the bamboo leaves? nothing! Only that it had a remorseful sound, as of an upbraiding conscience daring to assert itself.That sound was most disquieting to the nerves it made Macario restless. He wished someone would come up the road, someone that would make him turn that restless into action. He even wished that some guardias civils would come, he wished to drown the voice of that wind in the excitement of a fight. While he was walking back and forth among the bamboo trees, he heard the sound of hoof beats in the distance. â€Å"Ah† said he, â€Å"I shall have my wish at last†. He went nearer the road and stood beside a tree. When the hoof beats sounded nearer, he discerned a dark object, hardly perceptible in the obscurity around.â€Å"Halt† cried Macario as he rushed toward that moving figure. â€Å"Halt or you are dead man! † the hoof beats ceased si multaneously with his cry Macario found himself face to face with a man riding on a horse. The man was alone. There was nothing martial about him, he was a merchant and he had two baskets on each side of his horse. The bandit took the horse by the bridle without a word and led it across the fields to the door of a nipa shack. â€Å"I want money,† Macario said as soon as they were inside the shack and he had brought in the baskets.The man gave him five pesos saying that he had no more. The robber then proceeded to open the baskets and examine their contents, which were mostly groceries. The merchant had gone to Manila expressily to buy these, not for sale, because he dealt only in cloth, but to regale his friends, his many nephews, nieces, cousins and his own children the next day, Christmas. The robber felt to the very bottom of a basket and drew out a large box. He opened it. It contained toys of all sorts-two or three dolls of different sizes, small green carriages drawn by red horses and a little drum.He took the drum and seemed to forget everything else as he held it. He regarded it with wistfulness, turned it round and round, tried beating it; it absorbed his whole interest. What was there peculiar about a drum or about THE DRUM MACARIO WAS HOLDING? Ah! There are strong associations that can be awakened by small objects. The memory of our meeting with lost friend may be brought home to us by the sight of a simple flower; an alphabet book may recall to mind the long, tedious hours with a cruel school master,and the past may be revived by a trifling toy.Macario saw in the drum not a toy but an object associated with his early life. His mind traveled back, back to a small barrio in a distant province, to a particular time, to a certain Christmas day. He saw a little boy going to his godfather's. He was wearing chinelas for the first time; they were red chinelas. He had a jusi shirt on, and a small buri hat. The little boy kissed his godfather's hand. The godfather took a little drum from a package and gave it to the boy, together with a half-peso piece. The little boy was himself.He was hum playing boy, together with little boys dressed in the same way; he heard him beating his drum and telling his playmates about the big star which he had seen in church that morning, the star which started from the choir and moved up to the altar; and of the little baby lying down on some grass, and of the little sheep and goats there; yes, as the altar he saw little goats. Other Christmas pictures came up before his mind in quick succession-picture in which he saw himself, each time older and grown larger. Then came one scene, the scene he had always dreaded, the scene which he would not haveRecalled for all the treasures he had stolen during his robber life and for what he might yet steal. It was Christmas eve again. He was now a tall young man. He was lurking among some trees near a path in a country district. He was mad, his blood was boili ng; his long sharp bolo was thirsting for blood as his heart thirsted for vengeance. The wind was blowing among the leaves of the trees; it incited him to more furious thoughts. Then his strained ears heard a sound, a snatch from an old country song. Ah! It was his enemy, singing; he who made this Christmas eve miserable for him.Macario asked nothing, explained nothing, he simply dashed forward to his enemy and made the long bolo work out his revenge. He saw his enemy fall, saw the body steeped in its own blood. He ran, ran†¦. The dreaded tulisan, stopping with his head in his hands, stood up and ran, ran out of the shack into the fields, into the road, into the arms of two guardias civiles! In the same town some little children were unhappy although they received a peso from their father. The little boy did wish so much to get a drum and the little girls wanted dolls very badly.First of all, a short story usually only has one main character. There may be more than one characte r in the story, but there is only one central person who undergoes a change or realization by the end of the story. In the story â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena†, there are a couple of characters, comprised by the robber Macario, the rider on horseback whom Macario robbed, and two guardia civilles who appeared at the end of the story. We can say that Macario was main character because the whole story revolved around him and his past experiences.He also experienced a change/realization because in the story, because he reminisces about his life as a child and how happy he was then. It was also mentioned that, â€Å"The little boy did wish so much to get a drum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Maybe the little boy could be compared to Macario, who realized what he had become. Maybe all he wanted for Christmas was to go back to his life as a child where he didn’t have to steal and where life was so simple and fun. Next, a short story has only one main plot, unlike a lot of novels whose p lots divide into subplots and divide even further into more subplots.Basically, the plot of â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena† is the current life of Macario as a thief, and his memories of his youth. The story starts on December 24th, Noche-Buena. Macario is hiding in a grove of bamboo trees waiting for someone to pass. After some time, a man on horseback arrived, whom Macario ordered to give him his money. He only had five pesos so Macario opened the bag that the man was carrying. In the bag, Macario found some groceries, but more importantly there also was also an assortment of toys. Some dolls, carriages, and a little drum.Macario got hold of the drum and then remembered the little drum that his grandfather had given him for Christmas many years back. After that, more memories rushed in, one when he was a young adult, where he was holding a bloodied bolo and a dead man in front of him. After this, it is stated in the story that he ran, and after some distance he was caug ht by two guardia civilles, and then the story ends. Third, a short story has only one main setting. In this case, most of the story happens on a road with a patch of bamboo trees beside it.There is no longer a change of location like many longer narratives. This story focuses mainly on Macario’s actions and memories, the setting is not really important in â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena† Lastly, the theme of most short stories contains a moral lesson to be learned. In â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena†, Macario is a robber who on Christmas Eve finally realizes how much he has changed. From a happy young boy, he has turned into a man who steals toys meant to be given to children for Christmas. In this moment he remembers being given toys for Christmas by his Grandfather.The moral of the story is that even if you are driven into a corner and forced to do something evil, you should remember that there are also other human beings like you who will be affected b y the decisions you make. His miserable memories made him steal and kill and thereby the author is concluding the story in a meaningful way to show the very cause of his wrong deeds—â€Å"In the same town some little children were unhappy although they each received a peso from their father. The little boy did wish so much to get a drum and the little girls wanted dolls very badly. †

Dangers of Online Predators

The Dangers of Online Predators and What Can be done to Protect Our Youth Marcos Williams CM 107: College Composition 1 Unit 9: Final Abstract This paper is to educate parents and children about the dangers of online predators. Predators are going to great links to prey on children and they are going to great links to hide their identity. Predators are hiding in cyberspace and they are lying in wait for children to go online so they can make their move on unsuspecting children. Law enforcement agencies and parents have to do whatever it takes to protect children and they should make sure that the necessary steps are taken.Law enforcement agencies are using the media and they are hiding online to help capture these offenders. Parents should make sure that their home computers have the proper software, know who kids are friends with online, gain access to all emails kids use, make sure computers are visible at all times, and never turn a blind eye and think that this will never happen to their children. Kid’s safety is always a priority and they should be guarded at all times. I have chosen a degree in Criminal Justice with an emphasis in Cyber-crimes to protect kids against online predators.Educating parents and children about the dangers of online predators and discussing how law enforcement agencies and parents can protect our children is the first step. This paper will discuss what kids don’t know about online predators, how these online predators are hiding their identities from law enforcement, how law enforcement is cracking down on online predators, and most importantly, how parents can protect their kids against online predators. Kids do not realize that predators look for kids with a lack of self-esteem, kids that are vulnerable, and kids that are having problems at home.These offenders meet children in public chat rooms geared towards teens and teens engaging in sexual subjects (Wolak, 2004). They will soon lure kids into private chat roo ms or instant messaging. Some offenders lie about age and or sex to gain trust of children. Once trust is built, the predator introduces the child to pornography. This lowers the child’s inhibitions and desensitizes the child to nudity, and validates adult-child sexual relations (Berson, 2003). After all these things occurs, a face to face meet between the child and predator often follows, and the child is usually sexually abused or worse (killed).Some offenders create child-like avatars, go online and pose as teenagers. Predators use free Wi-Fi at public access points or connect to unsecure wireless routers installed in private residents rather than using their own personal accounts. They hide IP addresses by using proxy servers. Predators use â€Å"throw- away,† free e-mail accounts such as hush mails (private emails that children set up and hide from their parents) and counter surveillance methods. Offenders use pre-paid credit cards to hide any online transactions. They also steal IP addresses of business to avoid detection.These measures that offenders are taking, is making it hard for law enforcement to track them down (NSCEPI, 2010). Law enforcement officers are posing as minors online and assuming different gender to catch online predators (Mitchell, 2005). There is also the media, like the television show â€Å"To Catch a Predator,† to catch and arrest some of these predators. Cyber Tip-lines have been formed so that if parents see anything that is inappropriate they can report it to law enforcement. The FBI, Homeland Security, and other agencies have put together different types of operations to protect kids from online predators (NSCEPI, 2010).Law enforcement officers are collecting and preserving all evidence of grooming, such as pornography, Web cameras, and other electronic equipment to bring down these predators (Brown, 2001). Law enforcement agencies across the nation are taking the necessary steps so that evidence can be g iven to the prosecutor and use at trial to show the perpetrator’s motivation (Brown, 2001). Parents should talk to their kids about the dangers of online predators. They should become computer literate and learn the lingo that children use online, PLS (parents looking over my shoulder), FTF (lets meet face to face), and other abbreviations.Parents should put parental software on computer to monitor sites and keep kids off unsafe sites (Dombrowski, 2007). Home computers should be kept in a family room or kitchen so that parents can monitor and see exactly what sites the children are on. Parents should also discourage their kids from going into chat rooms, especially, private chat rooms with strangers. They should always make sure they know who all of their children’s friends are on the internet (Dombrowski, 2007). When a parent notices inappropriate material on their computer they should notify law enforcement immediately.Parents should use all these measures plus becom e familiar with the internet and the language their kids use on the computer to protect them from online predators. I have chosen to get my Bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice with an emphasis in Cyber-crimes to protect kids from online predators. In the Cyber-crime field I will be able to protect kids from online predators and educate parents and kids of the online dangers that lurk in cyberspace. Online predators are trying to manipulate and prey on children that are going through something in their home life.Predators are getting smarter and wiser when it comes to lurking and preying on children through the internet. They are taking many precautionary measures to protect their identity from our kids and law enforcement. The FBI, Homeland Security, and other agencies have put together task forces to stop online predators. Law enforcement have partnered with the television show â€Å"To Catch a Predator† to stop online predators. Most of the predators that are arres ted on this show are men between the ages of 20 to 55 years of age. Law enforcement and prosecutors are doing everything they can to put these criminals behind bars.Parents should take the necessary steps to protect their children from these types of predators. Parents need not turn a blind eye and think that their child will not become prey to predators while online. They need to get computer literate and learn the lingo that their children are using while they are on the internet. Parents need to educate their kids about online dangers and keep their computers in areas where traffic is heavy flowing. They also need to get the proper software on their computers to cut down the risk of predators getting to their children.In summary, parents and law enforcement officials need to work together to educate themselves and kids about the dangers of online predators because online predators are doing whatever it takes to manipulate and prey on children. They are also doing whatever it take s to protect them from being identified and prosecuted. References Berson, I. (2003). Grooming Cyber victims: â€Å"The Psychological Effects of Online Exploitation for Youth† Journal of School Violence 2, no. 1(2003): 9-18 retrieved from: http://www. cs. auckland. ac. nzl~john/NetSafe/IBerson. df Brown, Duncan. â€Å"Developing Strategies for Collecting and Presenting Grooming Evidence in a High Tech World† Update (National Center for Prosecution of Child Abuse), 2001, 1. http://www. ndaa. org/publications/newsletters/update_volume_14_number11_2001html Dombrowski, S. C. , Gischlar, K. L. , and Durst, T. â€Å"Safeguarding Young People from Cyber Pornography and Cyber Sexual Predation: A Major Dilemma of the Internet† Child Abuse Review 16, no. 3 (2007): 153-70 https://www. ncjrs. gov/App/Publications/abstract. aspx? ID=240947 Mitchell, K. J. , Wolak, J. , and Finkelhor, D. Police Posing as Juveniles Online to Catch Sex Offenders: Is It Working? † Sexual A buse: A Journal Research and Treatment 17, no. 3 (July 2005): 241-67 retrieved from: http://www. unh. edu/ccrc/pdf/CV82. pdf. National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction: A Report to Congress August 2010 http://www. justice. gov/psc/docs/natstrategyreport. pdf Wolak, J. , Finkelhor, D. , and Mitchell, K. J. â€Å"Internet-Initiate Sex Crimes against Minors: Implications for Prevention Based on Findings from a National Study. † Journal of Adolescent Health 35, no. 5 (2004):11-20

Bush Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bush - Article Example t this program successfully, Bush directed the Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to set up the National Health Information Technology Coordinator (Thomson, 2014). In 2005, the HHS Secretary Mike Leavitt took initiative to establish American Health Information Community, a federally chartered commission, with intent to accomplish President Bush’s aim of having majority Americans using interoperable electronic health records within 10 years. Although this initiative started off strongly during the term of Bush, it has gradually fallen off for the recent years. As per Duane Morris report (2009), privacy and security concerns were the most potential barriers to the implementation of this initiative. Issues related to unauthorized access to records and privacy concerns prevented the implementation of technology. Some other security concerns include trespassing by an outsider, theft or loss of devices like laptop or mobile phone, or theft while transmitting information through a wireless network. In order to address the General Accounting Office’s concerns regarding information privacy, HHS initiated several projects including the commission that strategically determines the certification criteria for electronic medical records. According to GAO, it is essential â€Å"to establish the high degree of public confidence and trust needed to help ensure the success of a nationwide health information network† (Psych iatric news). In addition, unresolved debates over whether to employ an individual’s Social Security number hampered HIPAA implementation standards. Issues associated with general security practices also have weaken the scope of this policy. The higher costs related to this policy also became a barrier to the implementation of the proposed change. The concerned officials indicate that hardware and software maintenance throughout the organization involves higher costs. According to the Harvard researchers’ findings (cited in

BASICS OF COMPUTER AND PROGRAMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BASICS OF COMPUTER AND PROGRAMS - Essay Example This means that, without software, a computer cannot be able to carry out any command hence useless. Different categories of software are installed in computers to enable them do tasks as given by the user. This softwares work hand in hand with each other for the computer to carry out its given tasks effectively, below are the two common softwares. Application software is a computer program that is widely known and used for commercial purposes whereby it carries out all regular and specific assignments that a user wants it to do, like calculations, data processing, word processing, communication, games, database management, spreadsheets and other related tasks. Application software is the main reason why the user buys a computer, whereby, it makes the work easier and faster than it could be done manually. The application system is widely used in business, medical and educational fields across the world as it has made the work and assignments in these fields easier. The softwares are known and seen by the end user, and through this, the user create shortcuts that enable him or her to access easily the documents in the machine (Stair, Reynolds and Reynolds, 2008). System software is the main computer software that directs the essential purposes of a computer and it is usually preinstalled within the machine; they are not seen by the user. It allows communication between the hardware and other categories of software; it includes utilities which safeguards and upholds the computer and its operating system. Utilities include software like anti- viruses, disk defragmenters and firewalls, their main purpose is to protect and maintain the computer system from breakdowns. Computer driver devices also fall under system software; in other words, system software gives support to the physical elements of a computer and synchronizes all the external devices like keyboards, printers, displays among others (Nithyashri, 2010). System softwares enables the machine to function ef fectively and accessibly; it protects the machine from any internal and external damages that may cause breakdown. It also ensures that there are servers and workstations that make the tasks easier; on the other hand, application software are tools available in the computer that enable the user‘s work cheaper. Both system and application softwares are beneficial to me as a business end user because through them, I know that my computer will function the moment I turn it on (system software) and that I will complete my calculations and balance my budget easily and faster (application software). Application software will enable me create shortcuts on my machine so that I can access the documents faster and effectively; likewise, the system software will protect my machine from breakdowns in that I will not lose any information or distort my information. Therefore, they will enable me to deliver high quality and quantity services to my clients in time. Types of software packages There are several types of software packages but the eight most popular ones are, word processor; this is a package that enables people to use a computer and to carry out their tasks. These programs enable the user to check out and correct spellings, make some characters italic, bold and underline show the difference and importance of the characters from the rest of the document, standardize the document to the required page layout, save the document for later use or

Weiyi Zhang a Misshaped Block Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weiyi Zhang a Misshaped Block - Article Example Trade occupation nominees must then be reflective of the labor needs in a long-term assessment of the market needs for GSM applicants. The current MODL will be canceled and reinstated with newer specifically skills-focused requirements as stipulated in the list. This exempts those who are skilled graduates under subclass 485 or with pending GSM visa applications. The new Skilled Occupation List (SOL) also spares those who at February 8 are diploma holders with the visa of Vocational Education and Training under subclass 572, Higher Education under subclass 573 and Postgraduate Research under subclass 574. But students s with visa will need to have already acquired an occupation to be qualified for a permanent visa under the GSM program. â€Å"I was hoping to be a journalist,† Zhang says. He will be gravely affected by these changes. Scheduled to graduate in July with a degree in accounting, this new development means that he gave up his dream for nothing. What is most likely to happen is that Zhang will go back to his country with nothing. No permanent Australian resident visa and a diploma for a course that was not exactly his immediate choosing. His hopes and dreams of a better future diminished after years of grueling academic pressures. Giving up his dream of a media-related career for nothing. The education industry of the country holds the third biggest foreign exchange source. These alterations to migration guidelines are seen as causing a major impact in the education sector. These students spent thousands for an Australian education in their belief of securing permanent residency status in a stable and progressive country. Not to mention the years that they have dedicated to finish their tertiary education. Living in a foreign land is not easy, even more so if you have to study in it.

The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention Essay

The Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention - Essay Example The Human Rights Act of 1998 is an act of Parliament,whose main aim is to ensure that it gives further force the laws concerning human rights,contained in the European Convention.It gives the courts in the United Kingdom the power to deal with those issues,which might cause the citizens of this country to go to the European Court The act makes it illegal for all public bodies to take any actions or decisions which are in contravention to the European Convention on Human Rights. The only exception to this is Parliament,  because it has the legislative capacity in the United Kingdom, and should, therefore, remain sovereign. This Act requires all the courts in the United Kingdom to take into account the decisions which have been made by the court at Strasbourg, as well as to interpret the legislation of Parliament, so that their decisions can be as far as possible in compatibility with the Convention on Human Rights. It is, however, impossible to interpret an Act of Parliament to make it compatible with the provisions of the Convention, because courts are not allowed to override such acts (Kavanagh 2006, 179). Instead, all these courts are allowed to do is to issue a declaration of incompatibility so that the validity of a Parliamentary Act is not affected. One of the reasons why this Act does not affect Parliamentary Acts is because  one of its aims is to ensure that the sovereignty of Parliament is maintained in the United Kingdom, because it is the supreme legislative body (Feldman 2008, 8). However, the Act still gives individuals the option of taking their cases to the court of Strasbourg if they feel that they are not satisfied by the decisions of the local courts. The main function of the Human Rights Act is to give courts in the United Kingdom the power to deduce legislation so that it is in compatibility with the human rights as stated in the European Convention on Human Rights (Hope 1999, 185). This does not mean that the legislation is invalidated, and instead, the amendment of the legislation is permitted, at a fast pace, to ensure that they are in compatibility with the convention. The amendment does not necessarily remain permanent, and, in fact, it has been known for  Courts of Appeal to overturn such court decisions. This Act has to be implemented by all the public bodies in the United Kingdom except for Parliament. The public bodies, which are directly affected by this Act, include the central government as well as the local government. The courts are given wide powers to ensure that they are able to interpret both principal and subsidiary legislation so that they are attuned with the convention. The interpretation of these powers goes far beyond the normal statutory interpretation because they include the interpretation of legislation made in the past as well as those which are to be made in future (Satvinder 2006, 29). This interpretation ensures that the Human Rights Act is protected from being repealed by implicati on. The interpretation has been applied by courts in three different interpretations. The first of these is known as reading in, which refers to the insertion of words into a statute if it is found that there is none which appear in it. Another of these applications is known as reading out, and this refers to words being omitted from a statute if they are found to be in contravention with the European Convention. The last of these is known as reading down which refers to an  interpretation being declared to be in compliance with the convention (Gihring 2000, 203). However, if the courts find it difficult to interpret a statute so that it can be compatible to the European Convention on Human Rights, then they may issues a declaration of incompatibility, and in such cases, only higher courts have the power to make such declarations. Declarations of incompatibility are usually made

Motivation in organizations. Dan Pink Assignment

Motivation in organizations. Dan Pink - Assignment Example In this speech, Dan Pink compares the monetary and intrinsic incentives in organizations. His practical comparisons qualify intrinsic incentives as ideal methods of facilitating performance in the workforce. He makes a clear disqualification of exaggerated monetary incentives for an elevated performance in the organization. Traditional methods of motivation in organizations have survived antiquity to the present day. Modern organizations use antique methods of motivating their workforce. These methodologies do not always produce the intended impact. In this case, the organizations have suffered functional fixedness by blocking creativity that is requisite in discovering new techniques of motivation. Monetary rewards were traditional methodologies of motivating the workforce in an organization. Therefore, the management of diverse organizations would channel bonuses and commissions towards the workforce. The management would also establish punishments as corrective measures in the workforce. According to these techniques, workforce performance ought to elevate in their execution. However, an immense paradox exists in this method of motivation. A highly rewarded workforce would still perform dismally in their roles. Dan Pick communicates this fact through elaborating the incentive experiment performed by a scholar named Sam Glanzman. Two groups were assigned an equal task. The group that was assigned the monetary incentive finished later than the one with intrinsic incentive. Organizations have a major difference with the implications of science. Therefore, majority of the organization do not apply science for realistic recommendations. This fact accounts for the prolonged use of monetary incentives in the workforce. Monetary incentives in organizations even worsen the performance. They block creativity and the zeal that exists within the entire workforce. Monetary incentives are traditional methods of motivation, which ought to be shed off for a new phase in science application. The monetary incentives only work in few circumstances. Specific tasks that do not require creativity are the ones that should use monetary incentives. They are not applicable to the general performance of the workforce. This is a paramount discovery in the field of Social Science. Monetary incentives narr ow the scope of view in the workforce. Definitely, this deprives creativity in an elevated manner. Organizational challenges do not take a definite and predictable course. The course of the problems changes with time. Organizational and personal problems require ideal solutions. The solutions ought to bring a new phase in the development of the organization. Most organizational problems do not have clear solutions. The solutions and remedies are not obvious for the workforce to discover and implement. In this case, monetary incentives would only deprive the performance of the workforce. Modern times of the twenty first century require intrinsic methods of motivation. These methods entail the willful desire to execute roles, because they matter. In this case, motivation ought to develop from within an individual to accomplish tasks without supervision. Mastery, autonomy and purpose are the guiding pillars of the intrinsic motivation. I entirely agree with Dan Pick in this motivationa l technique. Intrinsic motivation techniques bring concrete assurance of outstanding performance within the organization. The methodologies are more scientific and are best

CORRELATIONAL METHOD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CORRELATIONAL METHOD - Essay Example Harvey tries to control for education, but the only meaningful control she makes is that of years of education. Perhaps mothers who saw reduced results from going to work were educated at worse schools or had lower academic performance. Certainly, the academic performance of the child can't be separated from the academic performance of the mother. Another factor could be genetics. Mothers in the early-employment group may have different genetic backgrounds, anomalies or diseases that could explain lower cognitive or academic functioning. Harvey can't control for these factors either. She does control for mother's IQ, but the NLSY doesn't account for father's IQs. Harvey appropriately controls for race, but only controls for African-American or Hispanic status. Yet Asian-Americans also face notable difficulties (Wise, 2005) . Other groups that might face discrimination or social stigma that could vary the results are Native Americans and Middle Easterners. It is possible that the chil dren who faced difficulties were Asian-American or Middle Eastern in background.

Summay of articals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summay of articals - Essay Example s is necessary, but very few companies have been able to compete on the basis of operational effectiveness due to the ease of rival companies imitating management techniques and the more that rivals begin to look like one another. As a result, there is no competition and prices are static or declining. Competitive strategy is about being different from competing businesses and companies. It requires purposely picking a different set of activities to offer a unique mix of value. The majority of managers claim that their strategies are based on the needs and interests of their customers. Everything becomes based on the customer. Many businesses, such as furniture stores, movie stores, and airlines provide services that are uniquely aligned with the needs of its customers. The fundamental quality of strategy is in the activities, such as opting to execute activities differently or execute different activities compared to those of rivals. Even if a business or company picks a unique position, they are still not guaranteed a sustainable advantage. A valuable position will only attract imitation from rivals; airlines are proof of this. As such, trade-offs are used to make strategic positions more sustainable, which can also prevent companies from becoming imitators. When a trade-off is made, more of one thing necessitates less of another. There are three reasons why a company may decide to execute trade-offs and they are as follows: inconsistencies in image or reputation, activities themselves, and from limits on internal coordination and control. Trade-offs are essential to competition and strategy, and they prompt a need for choice and purposefully limit what a company has to offer. The nature of strategy is to choose what not to do. Operational effectiveness is about reaching excellence in regard to individual activities, but strategy is about combining activities. The greatest aspect of strategy involves considering a whole system of activities and not just a

North American civilizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

North American civilizations - Assignment Example Mississippi culture was actually a mound-building culture of Native Americans and it originated and flourished in the areas presently known as mid-western, eastern and southeastern United States around 800 CE to 1500 CE. The life at Mississippi began to flourish in the river valleys of Mississippi and Tennessee. Mississippian started rich food exchange thereby introducing the barter system which started impacting a lot in their society through networking and it is through the process of food exchange that they introduced in their culture, they flourished and made contacts with other cultures and provinces too. Maize-based agriculture was also an important attribute of the period and it supported a large population and craft specialization. The earthwork of the Mississippian culture was significant consisting of pyramid mounds or platform mounds and were generally square, rectangular and sometimes circular in shape. Domestic houses, temples or burial buildings were constructed on those mounds. Trade was widespread during this period and extended to far west to the Rockies, in north till the Great Lakes and to the Gulf of Mexico in the South and to the Atlantic Ocean in the East. The leadership of the Mississippian culture was great and influential. Within the culture, the leadership was hierarchy based and where one major centre with Mounds gives clear indication of control and influence over other lesser communities, it also clearly portrays a clear centralization of controlled combination of political or religious power in the hands of single Supreme or few others (US National Park Service, â€Å"The Mississippian and Late Prehistoric

No Time to Think Essay Example for Free

No Time to Think Essay This week we were asked to analyse the following papers and a TED Talk presentation reflecting on how the accelerating pace of life and the distractions/noise in form of new means of communication are affecting our concentration and vanishing our â€Å"sanctuary† where we can dedicate time for thoughtful reflections. * â€Å"No time to think: Reflections on information technology and contemplative scholarship†, David M. Levy. (2007) * â€Å"Speed and the Unsettling of Knowledge in the Digital University†, Ray Land, (2011). TED Talk â€Å"5 ways to listen better†, Julian Treasure, (2011) Distractions serve anything but the knowledge It is true that today’s digitisation and networking tools speed up the pace of our communicative exchanges. In the other hand, these increasingly attractive tools are stealing our time and helping to distract us. These distractions serve anything but the knowledge because seriously limit our ability to focus and attention (and hence learning). Nowadays many people believe that reading an entire book is less attractive than commenting on their friends photos on Facebook or, open multiple tabs in a browser and quickly discover everything that is happening. It is precisely the possibility to access an incredible amount of information through the current digital technologies and encounter endless possibilities of knowledge that challenges our inability to build mental representations. Given the monumental supply of information obtained through the mass media, especially the Internet, the individual focuses his attention by very few moments in the data exposed on computer screens as they navigate through new links. However, the quality of these connections often contrasts with the amount of information, which are hardly assimilated because there is no time or effort to establish relations between concepts and thus, creating new meanings. As a result, individuals have habitual concentration difficulties, especially when connect with other people and at the same time read information in various news sites. It is not by chance the use of terms such as connect, Liked† and off to describe relationships between people. It is as if the email’s boxes or the tweets call us all the time so that messages must be read and answered immediately. The schools adopting the digital education model have already evidenced these concentration problems. The use of new technologies in the classroom econfigures everyday identities of their teachers and students and thus, their own teaching practice in the presence of the students’ limitless access to information through the Internet. I believe that the teachers, as the digital immigrants, and students, as the digital natives, are overwhelmed with the emancipatory potential of the Internet that in somehow they are experiencing a sense of loss as pointed out Ray Land: â₠¬Å"Paradoxically this may be experienced as a sense of loss as an earlier, more secure stance of familiar knowing has to be abandoned as new and unfamiliar knowledge is encountered†. The temporary downside of this digital turn is a viral pact of mediocrity, through which teachers and students pretend to teach and learn, to the extent that the contents of academic papers are copied and pasted in the text with less and less reasoning being developed. New teachers adapted to this modus operandi disregard ethical issues and do not refute the information that the student presents through consultation online. Improving concentration in the digital environment Considering the above scenario, I believe that we need to re-think our strategy to overcome distraction and increase our capacity to learn in digital environments. As David M. Levy mentioned: â€Å"It might well be possible to begin to explore different modes of thinking – routine and creative modes, as well as obsessive mind chatter – not only to develop more nuanced and refined understandings of these processes but to understand how to encourage or discourage them†. The starting point could be the understanding of the mechanisms of human attention, decode how it works and even how to develop it. I personally think that concentration is not innate to the human being, but a skill that can be taught throughout life and can always be improved. Recently I read an intriguing book called â€Å"The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force† (Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley, 2003) about the brain plasticity, which is the neurons’ ability to redistribute according to need and training. The conclusions regarding the brains ability to rewire itself and the idea that meditation may be driving neuroplastic changes are quite inspiring in the book. For J. Schwartz and S. Begley, the best way to ensure attention is to choose challenging activities. If the task is so hard that we almost cannot do it, will certainly require more focus. However, it is not always clear that we like or feel challenged by everything that we need to do. Sometimes the work is simply annoying, but still needs to be done. In these cases, the trick is to turn it into a kind of game, focusing on one phase at a time. Overcome steps, one by one, can leave the whole process more attractive. Something like the â€Å"gamification† strategies, i. e. points and titles that some programs or applications give each task is accomplished. Being totally concentrated has to do with the state of â€Å"flow† discussed in the week 4 of the IDLE course. The psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi tried to understand the phenomenon by calculating the amount of information that our neural networks are capable of absorbing. He reached a number: only 110bps (bits per second). Listening to someone talking, for example, requires the processing of 40bps. That means, there are 70bps left in to use for distractions around. So we can scribble on paper or think in others to-dos while listening to the conversation. Using the 110bps in an activity would be the equivalent of what Csikszentmihalyi calls flow† that state of absolute concentration that makes us not even notice the time passing. Finally, the schools should debate more about the negative effects of distraction, the importance of the â€Å"white space† (or the sanctuary as we call at IDLE, the creation of physical spaces or times on the calendar for uninterrupted, unwired thinking and connection) and encourage students to apply basic practices to promote personal â€Å"white space†. These practices include: create a student routine, make lists with the priorities of the day, learn to organize time and to collect relevant study materials, learn to book time to solve everything else outside of the studies (a good way to fend off distractions is to take them out of our heads) and learn to absorb and to reflect on what has been collected.

Strategic Analysis Of Masdar Commerce Essay

Strategic Analysis Of Masdar Commerce Essay Strategic Management pertains to the alignment of the strategies with the mission and vision of the organization by means of which the managerial approach adopted by the organization may be made highly effective. The inception of strategic management ensures that the environmental factors are duly accounted for while preparing the various strategies for the organization. A strategic analysis would not only reveal the factors which is currently affecting an organization but would also highlight the competitive advantage attained by the company with respect to the competition in the market. Moreover the effect of the organizational structure prevalent in the organization also determines the strategic decisions of the company. It is therefore necessary to evaluate all the aspects of a company in order to effectively analyze the companys strategic leverage in the market. The need for strategic management is felt most nowadays due to the fact that organizations aim at entering the global market and being an active contributor to the development of the global economic integration. (What is Strategic Management?) The following is a description of the strategic analysis of Masdar and the possible impact of its organizational structure on its strategic management. This would be inclusive of the analysis of the various external as well as internal factors affecting the operational environment of the company. Moreover the recent strategic move by the company for expanding the scope of their operations to international regions has generated a dire need for a strategic analysis to be conducted for the company by means of which the strategies may be enhanced. (What is Strategic Management?) Industry Situation: The UAE economy is booming and flourishing unprecedented infrastructural development and this era has been marked as the era of economic transition that is characterized by strategic partnerships, incoming of foreign investments in infrastructure development prior held by the government of UAE. The entire economy is undergoing massive development in the areas of education and health sector, tourism, hospitality, power and transport, and other commercial developments eventually giving a new shape to the urban development in the country (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). In terms of urban development, Abu Dhabi is planning to invest about merely AED 55 billion over next couple of years on infrastructure projects. The major investments will include developments of airports, world class ports and industrial zones in Mussafah, the 11000 unit Showayba City in Mussafah, Mohammad bin Zayed City and Khalifa City (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). The country has already embarked with the remodeling and renovation of buildings at roads in the city center, along with the redefining and redevelopment of Central Market, incurring a substantial cost of DH 2.6 billion. The transportation element in the development plan is constantly updating to meet the imperative challenge of spiraling traffic on the roads of the region. The traffic has been increased from over a quarter of a million with an increase to 237, 891 vehicles registered in the last assessment year. The opening of the Emirates Palace in Abu Dhabi in the white sandy beach spearheaded the zeal within Abu Dhabi in terms of tourism related infrastructure development (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). The spectacular urban development and infrastructural growth has resulted in the escalating demand for power and electricity with a continuous increase in the demand over the years. The government has formulated several plans to meet the continuous rise in the demand and is implementing the plans in order to increase the capacity to about 60% than present. It has been estimated that major production of electricity is fueled with the natural gas and the remaining is met by the production through diesel generation (UN I T E D A R A B E M I R AT E S Y E A R B O O K , 2007). On examining the major indicators, it has been articulated that Abu Dhabi is currently enjoying an enviable position and the economy is accelerating by registering its per capita income as one of the highest figures across the world. In a drive for diversification of the economy and achievement of sustainability, the Emirate is stimulating its non oil sectors, and especially entering into export oriented businesses. On the assumption that the hydrocarbon sector will likely to grow on the past historic trend, the Emirate aims to clinch for around 65% contribution by the non oil sectors in the economy by the end of 2030, reversing the current picture of sectoral contribution to overall GDP and economy (The Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030). The new and contemporary knowledge based industries are bringing new values and opportunities in the industry and encouraging foreign capital from global world. The principles that underpin and strengthen business strategies making investments commercially viable and generating long term profits over the long term and delivering social returns to the entire United Arab Emirates (The Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030). Company Situation: History Growth: Masdar was found and established in the year 2006 as an independent wholly owned subsidiary of the government of Abu Dhabi and Mubadala Development Company. The Masdar initiative is an enterprise that works with five integrated units in order to spread its hands to the world of renewable energy and sustainable technology industry. The establishment of Masdar City in the year 2006 had brought a common platform for businesses and companies to thrive and flourish at the same time provided high quality living environment with the lowest trace of ecology (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). With the foundation of Masdar Clean Technology Fund in 2006, Masdar Capital was established to provide capital management expertise to the companies operating under renewable energy and clean technology. Later, after a couple of years Masdar Institute of Science Technology was established in the year 2009 as a graduate level University, with special emphasis on sustainable and clean technologies. Also, an addition was made to the Masdar Capital as a DB Masdar Clean Tech Fund in the year 2009. Masdar Carbon was also established during this period for the management of projects pertaining to reduce the carbon emissions with the aid of energy efficiency and carbon dioxide recovery and reducing waste of heat. Additionally, in order to build a large portfolio of large scale renewable power energy plants globally, Masdar Power was established (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Developments: Thousands of visitors to the UAE are enjoying hunt out organic and eco-friendly gifts and food products available at the Friday Market at Masdar City. Masdar installs the First Rapid Charger in Middle East in order to serve as a test bed for green technologies in collaboration with Mitsubushi Heavy Industries Ltd. Masdar will be served as a Lead Sponsor in the World Energy Forum 2012 that is to be held in at Dubai International Convention and Exhibition Center. Masdar played a key role in the international gathering of the Sustainability week held in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Masdar was awarded as the Energy Company of the Year during the stint of first ceremony of Gulf Business Industry Awards. Masdar as a key pillar of Abu Dhabi addressed the International Peace Institute that was kept to stress upon the significance of diversification of energy for achieving security and peace in the community (Press Releases). Strategic Posture: Vision and Mission Statement Establish the Emirate of Abu Dhabi as one of the most excellent avenue of renewable energy development and clean technologies to attain a global benchmark for sustainable development and to make advancement in sustainable technology and renewable energy with the aid of education, RD, commercialization and adaptation (About us). Goals Objectives: Expansion in Export Base. Encouragement of Public-Private Partnerships Substantial investment in education and research. To provide training and educate workers in knowledge based sectors. To persuade investment in areas of intellectual infrastructural gains. To contribute towards the growth of non oil sector share of the Emirates economy (About us). Strategies: In order to achieve a competitive edge in the renewable energy and technologies industry, Masdar has designed a framework that stresses upon implementation of key strategies those are outlined below Corporate Level Strategy: Masdar is heavily dependent on vertical integration for achievement of long term profitability. Masdar has adopted the exploitation of the network structure that is allowing the echelons to replace the non-performing alliance partners with those of new partners who fails to meet the expectations and standards of Masdar. Also, the giant works closely with the supplier partners with an aim to reduce costs and increase product quality. Masdar has decisively begun the realignment of promotion to address the challenges of market and the management firmly believes that this will result in the presentation and profitability of the Masdar brand in the UAE (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Business Level Strategy: Masdar places a significant emphasis on the product differentiation and innovation and this is the key reason in popularizing of its units across the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In an effort to achieve 100% zero waste and working with renewable technologies, Masdar has adopted several business related strategies. The Wind tower above the buildings helps in unswerving the cooler upper level winds into the open-air. The designing of buildings underlies reduction in water consumption through the use of efficient appliances, low-flow showers, smart water meters, real time monitoring for tracking water consumption of consumer and also for water harvesting and recycling (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Use of air conditioned electric powered Personal Rapid Transit Vehicles within the premises and campuses of the Masdar units. The Photovoltaic roof of the buildings, connected with the solar plant contributes about 30% of the electric load of the buildings. The structure of the units has been inspired by the theme of the regional landscape and thereby a series of courtyard and street spaces have been building within the city and the campus. These strategies encompass the overall positioning and popularity of the Masdar in the market (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Functional Level Strategies: The integrated supply chain and sustainable procurement is well supported through a stringent process of assessment along with a brief description about supplier contact information. The assessment takes place across 15 criterions established to achieve sustainability that includes energy and water saving, minimization of waste use of bio-based materials and recycled packaging. The operations are well carried out with an aim to reduce carbon footprint eventually result in lower operational costs. The approach of Sandbag building is used for logistics, staff accommodation and office structures for achieving thermal efficiency (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy). Policy: Masdar aims at achieving the following objectives through its policies Expansion of the export base and in turn generating increased revenue for the emirate. Boosting and encouraging entrepreneurship in the private -sector as regards the existing industrial setup. Making investments in the academic growth so as to stimulate the sense of innovation among the future generations as well as developing and shaping the minds of the people working in this sector presently. Focusing on the importance of workers in the knowledge based sectors by exercising employee retention, on job training, and providing attractive incentives for the workers in this sector. Highlighting the importance of Intellectual Property in the emirate by encouraging substantial investment for achieving gains in this particular field. Providing growth and development opportunities in the non-oil sector of the emirates economy and also removing the effect of fluctuations in oil prices on the economy. The decoupling of this factor is of paramount importance as it would allow for achieving economic stability. (About us) Current Problems: No Availability of Bank Finance for Property in UAE. No access of Abu Dhabis Metro to Masdar.   Corporate Governance: Board of Directors: Masdar is chaired by Al Sayegh who has put in exceptional efforts towards the development of Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company and that is Masdar. All through his career, he was worked towards several environmental initiatives. Sultan Al Jaber is the CEO and Managing Director of the company and with whose efforts Abu Dhabis pioneering renewable energy initiative launched in the year 2006. Other board members of the company are HE Abdulla Nasser Al Suwaidi who is the chief executive officer of ADNOC, Carlos Obeid, the chief financial officer of the Mubadala Development Company and Waleed Al Muhairi, the chief operating officer of Mubadala Development Company (Board Members). Capture.PNG (Masdar:The Reality of Future Strategy) External Environment Analysis: PEST Analysis Politico-Legal Factors (Moderate Rating) The Middle East has witnessed significant growth and development over the past years which have mainly been brought about by the tremendous contribution of the oil sector in the respective regions. This has resulted in the development of an industrially fertile hub which has attracted various multinational corporations, diplomatic relations and investments made by the government in the various initiatives. (O). One of the most significant challenges facing this region is the existence of political revolution in the Middle Eastern countries which poses a threat to the economic prosperity and future prospects of this region. There is a significant possibility that these changes can affect the outcomes of the countries in a negative manner, thereby affecting the entire business scenario in these regions. The impact of the Emiratization policy may be seen in the Labor law which requires private sector organizations to employ 20% of their work force from the domestic population compulsorily. This means that any private sector organization which fails to adhere to the recruitment regulations would be banned from undertaking any further recruitment of additional foreign employees in their organization (T). Economic Factors (Moderate Rating) The economies of the Middle East have witnessed a significant rise in the past decades wherein they have been characterized with adequate economic stability and viable growth rates which are inclusive of their increased GDP and Fiscal Balance. The UAE and other Middle Eastern regions have benefited from the rising oil prices which have led to increased revenue generation for these economies, especially foreign exchange revenue and this has been the key reason behind its immense development as witnessed up till now. Another factor which may be attributed to the sustained growth of the Middle Eastern countries have been the outsourcing of business from regions such as China and India which offer services at relatively less costs. Due to high dependency on the oil industry, the Middle Eastern Economies have been subjected to vulnerability owing to the frequent fluctuations being witnessed in the prices of oil and gas commodities (T). One of the most relevant examples of this condition may be witnessed in the economic growth statistics of Abu Dhabi which was reported to be 2.9% owing to the impact of depreciated oil prices evident on a global scale. This rating was significantly lower in comparison with the ratings of the past years. However the year 2010-2011 witnessed the recovery of the economy from the effects of the price depreciations with the new conditions characterized by price stabilizations of oil commodities. In light of this stabilization,, the primary driving force behind the regional GDP was the expenditure and investment made by the government for enhancing its existing sectors. UAE had started focusing its efforts towards the development of its non-oil sectors in order to reduce the excessive dependency from its oil sector. The outcome of these efforts was the booming of the real estate sector and the constructions industry which received significant projects such as Abu Dhabi Ferrari Theme Park, Burj-al-Arab, Emirates Palace and the highly renowned Palm Jumeriah Islands. This led to the growth and development of the Ecological infrastructure development companies in the UAE due to the positive outcomes provided by the constructions industry in the region (O). The Middle Eastern governments have given due emphasis on the infrastructural developments in their respective regions. Various global events that have occurred in the region have been witnessed with the advent of investments for the development of the infrastructure in order to ensure its compliance with the global standards in terms of infrastructural capabilities. An example of this may be seen in the hosting of the Asian Games and the forthcoming Football World Cup in 2022 which would be hosted in Qatar. In response to the incidence of these events, the Qatari government has made investments of values up to billions of dollars for initiating the structural developments. In keeping with the need to adhere to green initiatives as promoted by the Middle Eastern countries, Masdar has shifted its efforts towards the development of such resources that aim at conserving energy and ensuring maximum utilization of resource while reducing negative effects on the environment. With its initi atives such as Masdar Power and Masdar city, the public organization is trying to establish a sustainable infrastructure in the UAE (O). Socio-cultural (Low Rating) UAE is a predominant Muslim Nation and has not been significantly affected by the existence of various foreign nationals in the country. The development of the nation is the most significant aspect being given importance by the government currently and in light of the need to maximize the optimal utilization of the resources, the people are being encouraged to use recyclable and environmental friendly products by means of which the excessive exploitation of resources may be avoided (O). The adherence to green initiatives and practices also relieves significant dependency from the traditional fuel sources for the accomplishment of various tasks. In terms of the costs saved from the energy conserved by the adoption of green practices, the value of considerable amount which can be invested in other highly prospective and viable areas (O). The adherence of green practices also provides significant benefits to the health of the people wherein the use of environment friendly products eliminates the possibility of the release of contaminants into the atmosphere or the release of pollutants into the water or ground which could eventually affect the fertility of the resources and in turn affecting the lives of the people. Hence the efforts of Masdar towards the development of sustainable and green technologies are not only in accordance with the interests of the people but are also satisfying a social cause. Such conditions also showcase a commercially viable opportunity for Masdar (O). Technological (Moderate Rating) The UAE is known for its advanced technological infrastructure and the presence of high level technical support structures by means of which it has been able to maintain the highest efficiency levels on a global scale. It is also credited with having one of the most advanced ICT network and infrastructure in the UAE which has made the sustenance of various organizations in its economy. The presence of such facilities has enabled the research and development of renewable and sustainable sources which is highly effective in ensuring that the activities of Masdar are achieved as per the expectations. (O) The presence of the internet has enabled a larger population to avail the information about the various services and products offered by Masdar and the people can also stay updated with the recent developments being done by the organization. In terms of the provision of electricity, the people can track their consumption on a periodic basis and can see the extent to which the energy has been conserved by them. Such possibilities hold tremendous opportunities for Masdar (O). The frequent advancements being witnessed in the field of technological developments have resulted in the risk being generated for the business organizations as it is difficult to adapt to these changes. If frequent adaptation to these changes would be done then the effectiveness of the system would be compromised which would eventually have an impact on the performance of the organization (T). Five Forces Model Diagram Threat of New Entrants (Rating: Low) There is minimal threat from new entrants as Masdar being a UAE government initiative, it has been provided with all the required resources for ensuring the research and development of sustainable technologies and the possibility of new entrants in this field are highly unlikely (O). Bargaining Power of Buyers (Rating: low) In light of the recent recession and economic inflation, the presence of sustainable technologies would not only provide the benefits of reduced costs of operations but would also help to maximize the utilization of the resources, thereby reducing investments made in the acquisition of additional resources. This is a preferred outcome for the people and hence the bargaining power of buyers is low. Even in the case of Masdar University, the institution provides exclusive courses aimed at the conduction of research in the field of renewable energy development. This also results in the lowering of the buyers bargaining power (O). Threat of Substitute Products or Services (Rating: High) Other countries are also working towards the achievement of renewable and sustainable technologies in keeping with the need to conserve the environment. This has led to the existence of the threat of substitutes which are not only cheap in comparison to the products or services being provided by Masdar but also affect the overall market share held by the organization (T). Bargaining power of Suppliers (Rating: Moderate) The supply chain for Masdar is inclusive of credible suppliers that have a strong base for providing the technical as well as non technical resources for the development and completion of the various initiatives undertaken by the government (O). However the field of sustainable business technologies requires specialized resources to be provided for the physical development of the technologies and tools and this aspect provides a greater bargaining power to the suppliers (T). Rivalry among competing firms (Rating: Moderately High) In terms of the presence of competitors for energy related services, Masdar is faced with various domestic firms. This competition is also evident in the field of education where institutes like Zayed University, ADU, etc offer professional courses (T). Foreign academic institutions also offer significant opportunities for students to partake their courses and this poses as a significant threat for the organization (T). However the presence of highly specialized courses aimed at sustainable technologies could prove as an incentive to students who wish to undertake training in an upcoming field of research and development (O). Five Forces Analysis: Five Force Analysis Industry Environment Rating Comments Extent of Influence from Rivals Low Government Subsidy Bargaining Power of Customers Low Owing to the presence of single entity providing highest quality of life. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Moderate As there is a switching cost associated. Threat from Substitutes High Oil, gas and nuclear Summary of External Factors EFAS Matrix PEST Opportunities Weight Rating Weighted Score Comments Scope for Expansion in Abu Dhabi (High) 0.5 4 .20 Increasing Profile of Abu Dhabi and 2010 2020 is considered as Abu Dhabis decade. Openings to exploit new technologies (Moderate) 0.15 3.5 0.525 UAE takes a seat on International Atomic Energy Agency and climatic change Pulling of market share from rivals (Low) 0.07 3.8 0.266 Based on clean and green technology PEST Threats Weight Rating Weighted Score Comments Environmental Dependency (High) 0.18 4.2 0.756 Highly depend upon solar energy and climate change. Market Growth (Moderate) 0.02 2.5 0.05 Abu Dhabi has invested a great deal in reinventing itself, with its plans to grow its GDP to $416 billion. Decline of Demand (Low) 0.03 2.3 0.069 Increasing awareness of public action and understanding towards green initiatives. Threat from Substitutes (High) 0.5 4 2.0 Huge investment in infrastructure projects. Total 1.0 3.681 Internal Environment Analysis Corporate Structure Masdar is a public sector corporate entity established in Abu Dhabi, UAE for working towards the development in renewable and alternative energy sources and initiating innovations in sustainable technology. Since its inception in 2006, Masdar has diversified into 5 integrated and functional units which are inclusive of a nonprofit research institute encouraging the conduction of research on alternative energy and sustainable technology. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, formed by the Government of Abu Dhabi. Masdar is one of the excellent global centers in terms of renewable energy and clean technology. The organization aims to extend into the future of UAEs current leadership in the energy sector by integrating the following key factors: Research Development Innovation with investment Sustainable production Deployment Export Masdar operates under the flagship of Mubadala Development Company with Ahmed Al Sayegh as the Chairman of the organization. This company is a direct reflection of the vision of UAEs founding father, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and has carried on his dedication towards conservation and sustainable development of the region. The Emirati government has committed a sum of USD 15 Billion to the Masdar Project wherein it would fund its initiatives. This has proven to be one of the most significant strengths of the company as it has a steady supply of funds for its ventures (S). Another strength of the company may be attributed to the presence of a stable management which may be attributed to the stable Emirati government and due to this the governing body and the key members are not replaced frequently (S). The strategic model for this business is fundamentally entrepreneurial in nature wherein the leadership of its chairman and board of directors are crucial for providing the required directives to the 5 diversified units of the organization (W). Since its inception, it has shown significant adherence to the vision of the founding father as well as to the fundamental objectives of UAE (S). However for each independent entity of the organization, there is a separate managerial body present to oversee the activities of the unit and ensuring that they are in compliance with the strategic aims of the parent organization (S) Corporate Culture: . Finding a roadmap to sustainability is the core value of the long term vision of Masdar and the sustainability framework is designed to integrate economic and social and environmental considerations into Masdars corporate culture and strategy. All of the initiatives and efforts of the organization are dedicated to the achievement of sustainability in the UAE by means of which the vision of the founding father of the nation may be fulfilled in an effective manner (S). The diversified units enable the organization to effectively focus its efforts and resources in the development of specific aspects which is highly beneficial in implementing and devising innovative measures to adopt sustainable practices and tools (S). Corporate Resources: Marketing: Masdar is the premier organization in the UAE which is completely dedicated towards the development, research and implementation of sustainable technologies (S). By promoting itself as a provider of sustainable technology, it has appealed to the people of the UAE who have begun focusing on the implementation and adoption of green practices so as to contribute towards ecological sustenance and environmental protection (S). In the process of developing such sustainable tools, the organization has ensured the maintenance of high quality levels which has resulted in the achievement of effective and timely results (S). Masdar does not have a specific product offering in the market it does offer educational programs, green infrastructures and project developments in accordance with sustainable technologies. In this regard, the following marketing mix may be applicable for the organization: Product / Service (High Rating): Masdar has been involved in various sustainable developments such as the development of Masdar city which is one of the first cities to be made with an aim of achieving 0% carbon emission. Another service of Masdar is the provision of education in the field of sustainable research at a no-profit basis. It is also involved in the generation of investment in the various sectors associated with sustainable development. Price (Rating High): The main aim of Masdar is to provide sustainable technologies and support structures by eliminating the presence of excessive costs associated with the services (S). The example of Masdar institute clearly highlights the aim of the company as it is providing the services to the people at no profits. Masdar being a government initiative of the Mubadala Development Company does not have a dire need for generating profits as the economy possesses adequate financial resources due to the efficiency of its oil sectors. Hence the pricing of the services / products of Masdar are highly convenient to the consumers (S). Place (Moderate Rating): The headquarters of Masdar is in Abu Dhabi with other units of the organization located in Abu Dhabi as well. Masdar has entered into various collaborations and strategic alliances with global entities and this has enabled it to extend its reach to global consumers. People on a global scale are now being made aware of the efforts of M

The History of Religious Conflicts in America Essay -- Essays Papers

The History of Religious Conflicts in America Throughout its history, the United States has characteristically remained a country of two things: a country of immigrants, and a country of unmatched religious diversity. And yet when compared with the rest of the world – where these two very factors alone have so often engendered horrible religious wars and decades of enduring conflict – the history of religious conflict in the United States seems almost nonexistent. That is not to say the United States has been immune to its share of conflict explicitly rooted in religion. This paper explores the various manifestations of religious conflict throughout the history of the United States, from the Revolutionary War to the attacks of September 11th and their fallout. A distinction is drawn between religious intolerance, which is not the focus of this paper, and outright religious persecution or violence. Similarly, the paper reflects efforts made to de-conflate religious conflict from ethnic and racial conflict, which has been much more prominent throughout the history of the United States. In examining the history of religious violence, intolerance, discrimination, and persecution in the United States, we arrive at some possible explanations for why the United States has seen such minimal religious conflict despite being so religiously diverse. The Revolution It has been said that the United States is a nation founded on religious conflict. The colonies were settled by those escaping religious persecution in Europe. There is even some evidence that religion played a major role in the American Revolution and that revolutionaries believed it was willed by God for the Americans to wage war against the British.[1] As the Church ... ...bits/religion/rel03.html [2] Ibid. [3] Encyclopedia of American Religious History, Revised Edition, Vol. II. â€Å"Religious violence.† Edward L. Queen II. Page 601. 2001. [4] Ibid. [5] Queen, 602. [6] Emily Eakin. â€Å"Reopening a Mormon Murder Mystery.† The New York Times, section B, page 9, Oct. 12, 2002. [7] Queen, 605. [8] â€Å"Antisemitism in the Depression Era (1933-1939),† Leonard Dinnerstein. Religion in American History, A reader. Page 413. 1998. [9] â€Å"Religious Liberty.† American Civil Liberties Union. http://www.aclu.org/ReligiousLiberty/ReligiousLibertyMain.cfm [10] â€Å"Geographic Distribution of Religious Centers in the U.S† Committee on the Study of Religion. Harvard University, Jan. 2002. http://www.plurarlism.org/resources/statistics/distribution.php [11] â€Å"Foreword.† Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/01hate.pdf

Monosaccharides Essay -- essays research papers

Monosaccharide also called SIMPLE SUGAR, any of the basic compounds that serve as the building blocks of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones; that is, they are molecules with more than one hydroxyl group (-OH), and a carbonyl group (C=O) either at the terminal carbon atom (aldose) or at the second carbon atom (ketose). The carbonyl group combines in aqueous solution with one hydroxyl group to form a cyclic compound (hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal). Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule; trioses have three, tetroses four, pentoses five, hexoses six, and heptoses seven. Most contain five or six. The most important pentoses include xylose, found combined as xylan in woody materials; arabinose from coniferous trees; ribose, a component of ribonucleic acids and several vitamins; and deoxyribose, a component of deoxyribonucleic acid. Among the most important aldohexoses are glucose, mannose, and galactose; fructose is a ketohexose. Several derivatives of monosaccharides are important. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is derived from glucose. Important sugar alcohols (alditols), formed by the reduction of (i.e., addition of hydrogen to) a monosaccharide, include sorbitol (glucitol) from glucose and mannitol from mannose; both are used as sweetening agents. Glycosides derived from monosaccharides are widespread in nature, especially in plants. Amino sugars (i.e., sugars in which one or two hydroxyl groups are replaced with an amino group, -NH2) occur as components of glycolipids and in the chitin of arthropods. carbohydrateClasses of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Sources The most common naturally occurring monosaccharides are D-glucose, D-mannose, D-fructose, and D-galactose among the hexoses, and D-xylose and L-arabinose among the pentoses. In a special sense, D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose are ubiquitous because they form the carbohydrate component of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), respectively; these sugars are present in all cells as components of nucleic acids. Sources of some of the naturally occurring monosaccharides are listed in Table 2.D-xylose, found in most plants in the form of a polysaccharide called xylan, is prepared from corncobs, cottonseed hulls, or straw by chemical breakdown of xylan. D-galactose, a common constituent of both... ...his step, syrup preparations are crystallized to form table sugar. Successive "crops" of sucrose crystals are "harvested," and the later ones are known as brown sugar. The residual syrupy material is called either cane final molasses or blackstrap molasses; both are used in the preparation of antibiotics, as sweetening agents, and in the production of alcohol by yeast fermentation.Sucrose is formed following photosynthesis in plants by a reaction in which sucrose phosphate first is formed.The disaccharide trehalose is similar in many respects to sucrose but is much less widely distributed. It is composed of two molecules of -D-glucose and is also a nonreducing sugar. Trehalose is present in young mushrooms and in the resurrection plant (Selaginella); it is of considerable biological interest because it is also found in the circulating fluid (hemolymph) of many insects. Since trehalose can be converted to a glucose phosphate compound by an enzyme-catalyzed reac tion that does not require energy, its function in hemolymph may be to provide an immediate energy source, a role similar to that of the carbohydrate storage forms (i.e., glycogen) found in higher animals.

Preventing the export of conflict diamonds in the Democratic Republic o

Preventing the export of conflict diamonds in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has large reserves of cobalt, gold, gems, copper, timber, and uranium. However, the most valuable resource that the DRC possess is its large reserve of diamonds. Diamonds essentially serve as a pillar to the DRC’s struggling economy. Plagued by civil unrest, the DRC is desperately trying to stabilize its economy. Their efforts have been met with stiff resistance due to the ongoing civil war and illegal diamond trade. Not only is the DRC losing potential revenue from the illegal mining of diamonds, but also these diamonds are being used to finance the rebel armies. In response, the U.N. has drafted several resolutions and imposed sanctions in order to try and curtail the illegal trade. The DRC has also agreed to follow the Kimberley Process in hopes of preventing the export of illegal diamonds. However, these efforts are not enough to stop the trafficking of diamonds. Several steps must be taken to strengthen the Kimberley Process and change government policies within the DRC in order to stabilize the economy and end the civil war. History of conflict in the Congo The DRC’s current unstable government can be attributed mainly to its turbulent history. Since the late 1800’s the Congo region has experienced relatively few periods of peace and economic stability. Colonization severely hindered the future development of the Congo region. In the late 1870’s, King Leopold II of Belgium colonized the Congo territory. Treaties were signed with several tribal rulers in the territory, giving the King Leopold sovereignty in their areas. In 1885, the territory formally became the Congo Free State, he... ...r 22, 2002. Dietrich, Christian. Hard currency: the criminalized diamond economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and its neighbours. Ottawa: Partnership Africa Canada, c2002. Muller, Emma. Diamonds Smuggling Through Congo Republic Makes Mockery of Kimberley Process. Polishedprices.com, July 10, 2003. Tamm, Ingrid J. Diamonds in peace and war: severing the conflict-diamond connection. Cambridge, Mass: World Peace Foundation, 2002. U.N. document. Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitations of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo. www.globalpolicy.org William Wallis. Comment and Analysis: Kimberley Process: Africa's conflict diamonds: is the UN-backed certification scheme failing to bring transparency to the trade?" Financial Times October 29, 2003. www.kimberleyprocess.com

Figurative Language Essay

Figurative language is used in poems, songs, books, short stories, and in everyday language. The use of similes and hyperboles are able to affect the tone, meaning and theme that better explain the meaning in stories and songs. Figurative language is meant to appeal to the senses in order to provide interest and evoke emotion in what is being read or heard. Alicia Keys, â€Å"This Girl Is On Fire†, is a great example of figurative language. The figurative language in this song provides a respectful and jovial tone, and it also demonstrates the theme of the capability of potential and societies urge to undermine the success of others. The first verse of the song sets the tone of respect and the theme of potential. The first lines of the song use multiple metaphors that read â€Å"She’s just a girl, and she’s on fire. Hotter than a fantasy, longer like a highway. She’s living in a world, and it’s on fire,† which demonstrate how this girl is just an ordinary girl but she has been able to accomplish great things in this competitive world that we live in. The following verse also demonstrates how the ordinary girl has â€Å"stood her ground† in the competitive world. The verse contains an idiom that reads â€Å"Oh, she got both feet on the ground†¦Oh, she got her head in the clouds and she’s not backing down,† which states that the ordinary girl has ideas that may seem unrealistic but she will strive to make these ideas come to life and not just be a daydream. Throughout the song â€Å"This girl is on fire† is repeated, hence it is the chorus. When th e chorus is on, the audience just awaits that powerful note, because throughout the song Alicia Keys puts the most emphasis on these five words. The repetition of that line demonstrates the strength and potential this ordinary girl has. Also the repetition and vibrato behind the chorus, makes the metaphor that much more powerful and believable to the audience; it is able to evoke a sense of hope in the audience for this ordinary girl. The fourth verse of the songs reads â€Å"Looks like a girl, but she’s a flame. So bright, she can burn your eyes. Better look the other way,† which makes a great example of the power this girl has. The combination of a simile and metaphor in the first line portrays that the girl is no ordinary girl. When people look at her, they probably just see an ordinary girl walking the street that might not be doing anything great with her life. But the  metaphor â€Å"she’s a flame† contradicts that completely. Metaphors make stronger comparisons between two things than a simile does. Since the metaphor contradicts the simile, then the metaphor overpowers the simile stating that the girl is not an ordinary girl. The next two lines of the verse put more emphasis on the girl being a flame. The metaphor is a representation of how great the girl is. The fire and flame representing this girl is something uncommon in the competitive world we live in,because as a whole people want to be more successful than others. Therefore her flame â€Å"burns people’s eyes† because they are not prepared for potential within her. The potential behind her is so powerful that people are not able to handle her strength so they â€Å"better look the other way,† or they will get burned by her passion to succeed in life. It is also be another example of how people try to undermine other’s success, but no one will be able to bring down her hope for greatness. The next lines of the verse are a combination of hyperboles and metaphors. â€Å"You can try but you’ll never forget her name. She’s on top of the world. Hottest of the hottest girls say,† these lines demonstrate that she already has achieved some of her goals. The first line is a hyperbole that is also related to the example stated above about how people try to undermine the success of others, but she will not let people take away her success. Therefore even though people might try forget her and the goals she has accomplished, she will not let it happen. Also since â€Å"she is a fire† her success is so great that it would be hard to forget. The metaphor and idiom â€Å"she’s on top of the world† also demonstrates the success that she has achieved. The idiom means that she has reached her goal and succeeded which makes it harder for people to forget her. This is clear because if â€Å"she is on top of the world† then she has made a n ame for herself that has impacted the world and her life immensely. Therefore she will not just be an ordinary girl anymore, and now she will not be overlooked or forgotten. The next verse reads â€Å"Everybody stands, as she goes by. Cause they can see the flame that’s in her eyes. Watch her when she’s lighting up the night,† which is able to demonstrate how people do not view her as an ordinary girl anymore. When people see her they stop to take notice of the greatness that  she has become. The metaphor of â€Å"the flame in her eyes† demonstrates how she is not done trying to achieve her goals.This girl has far more potential left in her and will accomplish them. The next metaphor demonstrates that people now see the hope and potential she has within her. When she reaches the rest of her potential, she will â€Å"night up the light†. The idiom means that the feeling she will feel when she has reached her full potential will be strong enough that people will see how her attitude changes to bright and cheery, and her bright attitude will be able to brighten up the night. The idiom just restates the strength and poten tial this not so ordinary girl has. The figurative language is full of praise for this not so ordinary girl. The explanation of how great and powerful this girl is demonstrates the respect the girl deserves. She was able to reach her goals even though people might not have believed in her. Therefore the tone is evident throughout the whole song, and so are the themes. This girl has reached her full potential and people are now taking notice, so now she will be respected and not forgotten. The figurative language in this song was well combined and well orchestrated to show the theme and tone simultaneously.

Lex Cost of Capital

Lex benefit PLC Cost of Capital In 1928 Lex Garages Limited, at the time of public incorporation, had undivided garage in London. After 60 forms, Lex Service PLC became a leading companionship in self-propelled distribution and leasing in the United soil. In late 1950, Lex obtained from Volvo political machine Corporation the exclusive franchise to second and distribute Volvo cars in the United Kingdom that ended in1992 four years forwards the scheduled termination date. This sweets dropped the luck price of Lexto 30%.In 1970s, Lex started to expand its line of credit into other services comparable transfer of training andleasing and for temporarily in hotel forethought bloodline. By the end of 1983, Lex was structured around 2 principal groups i-e Lex Automotive and Lex Electronics Worldwide. From 1991 to 1993, Lex sold its study electronic business to Arrow Electronics, Inc. With theseries of acquisitions by Lex, finally it entered in the profitable business by ac quiring acontrolling refer in the U.K importership, Hyundai automobile (U. K) in September 1993. Thisacquisition gave Lex management control of a three year rolling contract that Hyundai Car heldwith Hyundai locomote Company of Korea. In this case study, climb on meeting was scheduled in 1993 to brushup its approach of pileus proceduresand to determine whether Lex Service PLC should example different hurdle judge for differentdivisions or should design apostrophize of large(p) for the building block company.Lex Service PLC was concerned about its cost of uppercase in 1993 because from 1991 to 1993 Lexhad foregone through many acquisitions and sales of assets that changed its majuscule structure in ahuge way. That change of capital structure included the sale of whole electronic division toArrow Electronice, Inc and acquisition of Hyundai Car (U. K). Moreover, they had cash toreinvest so Lex wanted to powerful estimate its Cost of equity. Once new cost of capital i s computed that exit modify the firm to estimate its required pasture of return on its investments.Ingeneral companies make use of CoC through brush asideed cash flow or share pricing method. To calculate cost of capital (equity), risk free run and value of risk premium, calculations are asfollowsIf Lex had no debt in its capital structure consequently the relationship between its levered equity betaand asset beta can be like ? (asset) = E/V * ? (equity) And it also implies that interest and principal payments on the debt are jolly safe that makes the beta of debt to zero. If there is no debt then cost of capital go away become the cost of equity.Moreover if Lex adds moderate enumerate of debt in its capital structure that essence equity will become much risky and cost of equity will increase and so will the cost of capital. In order to fully treasure future investment opportunities, Lex should single discount rate if the project is enough to toy the whole firm e-g in ac quiring the very similar company. But Lexshould use multiple discount rates in evaluating the projects that replicates one of its divisions e-g investment in the automotive division should use the cost of capital of automotive division andsame goes for other divisions

Cross I Lab Report

The purpose of this experiment was to determine if two selected traits of Drosophila melanogaster, dumpy go and reddish brown eyes, follow Mendels Laws of Inheritance with the F2 generation. Materials and Methods In calendar week one, two crosses were set up. dumpy females were pass with reddish brown males, duration dumpy males were crossed with burnt sienna females. The dumpy phenotype consisted of shorter, smaller wings while the sepia phenotype consisted of brown eye color. For these crosses, all females were virgins. These crosses were the P1 generation.These crosses were wherefore plowd until week two. ?In week two, the parents were removed and given of. The eggs and larve were left field to celebrate the cross. The crosses were left to continue to incubate until the following week. ?In week three, the travel appear from each cross of the P1 generation were counted, uncaring into male and female, and past push separated into phenotype. This label the completion of the P1 generation. The F1 crosses were then begun. They were set up in there different ways.In Cross A, F1 females were paired with F1 males. In cross B, F1 virgin females were paired with dumpy sepia males. In the last cross, Cross C, dumpy sepia virgin females were crossed with F1 males. In crosses B and C, precisely virgin females were used. The virgin females used were obtained from the P1 crosses. Dumpy sepia virgins were acquired from a source outside the experiment. The crosses were left to incubate until week four. ?Week four proceeded much like week two, with the parents being removed and discarded.The eggs and larve were left undisturbed to continue the cross. They were allowed to incubate until the final week, week five. ?In the final week, week five, the flies emerging from the F2 crosses and the backcross were counted, separated into male and female, and then further separated into phenotype just as week three. The crosses were then disposed of. Results F1 x F1 Cr oss Raw information Wt Dp Se dpse M F M F M F M F Table 1 26 19 8 9 7 11 2 4 Table 2 Table 3 39 43 7 10 16 25 1 3 Table 4 34 56 17 13 16 16 3 6 Total 99 118 32 32 39 52 6 13